I would say "map" is a more precise word. A "table" could mean multiple things. If you just say "table", and it's not obvious from the context, it might not be clear if you mean a map, a database table or any data structure used to store tabular data.
A map has one index. A table, as per your definition, can have many. Tables like that are common in databases where you might want to lookup the same record (row in a table) using any one of several different column values within it.
The C++ standard has std::map and std::unordered_map. Whether they are "maps" is an another question, but even they differ from each other, because they have been implemented with different data structures. One is presumably a tree and the other a hash.