These are the basic types of data you can store and process as variables (names) using C++ without having to make special storage arrangements.
Later on you can define your own (personalised) types of more complex data arrangements using structures and classes/objects. This gives you much more power and flexibility in your programs.
The basic types get you started, but still enable you to go a fairly long way.
> I need help specifically in the fundamental data types category :)
You need to understand and use only these fundamental types in your first few programs:
Use bool to represent either true or false
Use char to represent a single character from the basic character set: 'A', 'b', '7' etc.
Use int to represent a whole number 67, -3, 0 etc.
Use double to represent an approximation for a real number 67.43, -32.1 etc.
You can safely ignore the rest of the fundamental types for now; after you have written a few programs, you can come back and have a look at the other fundamental types.