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Rogue-Like game issues

NSwiftae (8)
Hey everyone!

I've been trying to make a rogue-like game with C++ and Windows API, no other libraries such as Curses. I'm trying to do this so I can understand how and why each function works, rather than just knowing they do work.

However I'm running into some issues, as I have no idea how my display function works, and the console screen shutters every time it updates and displays my character position.

I am wondering how I should program my display functions instead, as I'm pretty sure there are better ways to do it. I am also wondering how to get rid of the shuttering, maybe only update the areas where something has been changed.

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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <conio.h>
//map dimensions
#define MAP_WIDTH 20
#define MAP_HEIGHT 20
//tile types
#define TILE_BACKGROUND 0
#define TILE_WALL 1

using namespace std;

void clear_screen(void); //clears the screen
void display_character(int x, int y); //displays a char at x and y axis.
int nMapArray[MAP_HEIGHT][MAP_WIDTH] = {
	{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
	{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
	{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
	{1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
	};
void DrawMap(void);

void clear_screen ( void ) //Clears the screen
{
  DWORD n;                         /* Number of characters written */
  DWORD size;                      /* number of visible characters */
  COORD coord = {0};               /* Top left screen position */
  CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;

  /* Get a handle to the console */
  HANDLE h = GetStdHandle ( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE );

  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo ( h, &csbi );

  /* Find the number of characters to overwrite */
  size = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y;

  /* Overwrite the screen buffer with whitespace */
  FillConsoleOutputCharacter ( h, TEXT ( ' ' ), size, coord, &n );
  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo ( h, &csbi );
  FillConsoleOutputAttribute ( h, csbi.wAttributes, size, coord, &n );

  /* Reset the cursor to the top left position */
  SetConsoleCursorPosition ( h, coord );
}

void display_character(int x, int y) //Displays a character at x and y axis.
{
	DWORD size;
	CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;
	HANDLE h = GetStdHandle ( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE );
	DWORD n;
	GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo ( h, &csbi );
	size = 1; //How many characters "@" compared to "@@"

	COORD coord = {x, y}; //coordinates x and y
	FillConsoleOutputCharacter(h, TEXT('@'), size, coord, &n); //the TEXT(' ') is your character.
}

void display_tile_background(int x, int y) //Displays a character at x and y axis.
{
	DWORD size;
	CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;
	HANDLE h = GetStdHandle ( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE );
	DWORD n;
	GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo ( h, &csbi );
	size = 1; //How many characters "@" compared to "@@"

	COORD coord = {x, y}; //coordinates x and y
	FillConsoleOutputCharacter(h, TEXT('.'), size, coord, &n); //the TEXT(' ') is your character.
}

void display_tile_wall(int x, int y) //Displays a character at x and y axis.
{
	DWORD size;
	CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO csbi;
	HANDLE h = GetStdHandle ( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE );
	DWORD n;
	GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo ( h, &csbi );
	size = 1; //How many characters "@" compared to "@@"

	COORD coord = {x, y}; //coordinates x and y
	FillConsoleOutputCharacter(h, TEXT('#'), size, coord, &n); //the TEXT(' ') is your character.
}

void DrawMap(void)
{
	for(int y = 0; y < MAP_HEIGHT; y++)
	{
		for(int x = 0; x < MAP_WIDTH; x++)
		{
			switch(nMapArray[y][x])
			{
			case TILE_BACKGROUND:
				display_tile_background(x, y);
				break;
			case TILE_WALL:
				display_tile_wall(x, y);
				break;
			}
		}
	}
}


int main()
{
	//clear screen
	clear_screen();

	//draw the map
	DrawMap();

	int xAxis = 5; //initializes coordinated for character to originally be on screen
	int yAxis = 5;
	display_character(xAxis, yAxis); //display the character
	char nKey = _getch();
	while(true) //constant while loop to continue the game
	{
		//clear screen
		clear_screen();

		//draw map
		DrawMap();

		//draw the player to the screen
		display_character(xAxis, yAxis);

		//wait for the user to do something
		char keypress;
		cin.get(keypress);

		//processing phase - implement the player's command
		switch(keypress)
		{
		//move up
		case 'w':
			if(yAxis >= 1) //can't go up off the screen
			{
				yAxis--;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				break;
			}

		//move down
		case 's':
			if(yAxis <= 23) //can't go down off the screen
			{
				yAxis++;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				break;
			}
		
		//move left
		case 'a':
			if(xAxis >= 1)
			{
				xAxis--;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				break;
			}
		
		//move right
		case 'd':
			if(xAxis <= 78)
			{
				xAxis++;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				break;
			}

		//quit
		default:
			break;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}


Thanks,
NSwiftae
cire (8284)
To get rid of the screen artifacts, don't output your map character by character. Caching the output handle wouldn't hurt either.


Here's an alternate way to write this:
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#include <string>
#include <Windows.h>

const unsigned map_width = 20;
const unsigned map_height = 20;

int the_map[map_height][map_width] = {
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
};

char map_rep [] = { '.', '#' };


namespace con
{
    using coord = COORD;
    using handle = HANDLE;

    handle get_handle_in()
    {
        static handle h{ GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE) };
        return h;
    }

    handle get_handle_out()
    {
        static handle h{ GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) };
        return h ;
    }

    void clear(coord home_pos = { 0, 0 }, char ch = ' ')
    {
        auto h = get_handle_out();

        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO info;
        if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &info))
            return;

        unsigned console_size = info.dwSize.X * info.dwSize.Y;

        DWORD dummy;

        FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(h, ch, console_size, { 0, 0 }, &dummy);
        FillConsoleOutputAttribute(h, info.wAttributes, console_size, { 0, 0 }, &dummy);
        SetConsoleCursorPosition(h, home_pos);
    }

    void set_cursor_pos(coord pos)
    {
        SetConsoleCursorPosition(get_handle_out(), pos);
    }

    void put_char(char ch, coord pos)
    {
        auto h = get_handle_out();

        DWORD dummy;
        FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(h, ch, 1, pos, &dummy);
    }

    void put_str(const std::string& s, coord pos)
    {
        auto h = get_handle_out();
        DWORD dummy;

        WriteConsoleOutputCharacterA(h, s.c_str(), s.length(), pos, &dummy);
    }

    char read_char()
    {
        auto h = get_handle_in();

        DWORD dummy;
        INPUT_RECORD record;
        
        for (;;)
        {
            // We're only going to process key released events.

            do
            {
                ReadConsoleInputA(h, &record, 1, &dummy);
            } while (record.EventType != KEY_EVENT);

            if (!record.Event.KeyEvent.bKeyDown)
                return record.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.AsciiChar;
        }
    }
}

void draw_map()
{
    for (unsigned row = 0; row < map_height; ++row)
    {
        std::string s;
        for (unsigned col = 0; col < map_width; ++col)
            s += map_rep[the_map[row][col]];

        con::put_str(s, { 0, row });
    }
}

void draw_object(char rep, con::coord pos)
{
    con::put_char(rep, pos);
}

void clip(con::coord& to_clip, con::coord a, con::coord b)
{
    if (to_clip.X < a.X)
        to_clip.X = a.X;
    else if (to_clip.X > b.X)
        to_clip.X = b.X;

    if (to_clip.Y < a.Y)
        to_clip.Y = a.Y;
    else if (to_clip.Y > b.Y)
        to_clip.Y = b.Y;
}

int main()
{
    const con::coord home_pos{ 0, map_height };
    con::coord player_pos{ 5, 5 };

    for (;;)
    {
        con::clear(home_pos);
        draw_map();
        draw_object('@', player_pos);

        switch (con::read_char())
        {
        case 'w':   --player_pos.Y; break;
        case 's':   ++player_pos.Y; break;
        case 'd':   ++player_pos.X; break;
        case 'a':   --player_pos.X; break;
        }

        clip(player_pos, { 0, 0 }, { map_width - 1, map_height - 1 });
    }
}
Last edited on
NSwiftae (8)
Hey thanks for helping!

However, I can't seem to compile and run the code. I get several compiler issues such as:

error C2039: 'coord' : is not a member of 'con' - line 124, 129, 144, etc...
error C2059: syntax error : ')' - line 52, 69, 120, etc...
error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'coord' - line 74, 82, 124, etc...
error C2065: 'coord' : undeclared identifier - line 52
error C2065: 'h' : undeclared identifier - line 42
error C2065: 'home_pos' : undeclared identifier - line 144
error C2065: 'player_pos' : undeclared identifier - line 155
error C2065: 'pos' : undeclared identifier - line 79

and many others. I was wondering if there is something I have forgotten to include or if I've just missed something simple.

Thanks,
NSwiftae
cire (8284)
Sounds like you aren't using the latest version of VC++ which has support for the C++11 features used here.

I assume you are using VC++ with the inclusion of "stdafx.h" in your code.
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