You can only define a macro to be equal to a string of tokens, such as "+-/123" (the string contains four tokens). An undefined macro is equal to an empty string, thus line 1 is the same as saying LANGUAGE="".
Line 2 compares two empty strings, which are always equal.
What you can do is
1 2 3 4
#define ENGLISH 0
#define DEUTSCH 1
//...
#define LANGUAGE DEUTSCH