It uses it's own MS compiler - so there might be non portable facilities in there.
MS has been way behind other compilers in terms of support for new standards (C++11, C++14). There is a new standard coming C++17, I wouldn't want to be waiting 2 or 3 years for MS to catch up. Clang has been the best at that, and I would take that as a first choice. Clang has very nice error messages, which is a great help - especially if one is learning.
VS2015 has a distinct advantage that it is obviously close to windows and despite the reservations they cover all the committees AFAIK. XCode is the best I've seen but that locks in MAC. Codeblocks is pretty good especially if you use wxWidgets if you want to get away from windows.
As far as compilers are concerned I remember dumping mingw because there is an ongoing battle with the code developer bureaucracy over some esoterica in not updating stdio if I remember correctly.
Eclipse is crap and not worth the effort.
Any of the mainstream IDE's will get a C programmer up and running very quickly. Try the lot in time and narrow down to what suits.
Ubuntu/Linux et al have lifted their game above nerd stuff over the last couple of years. What they use I know not. If it is gui based it's probably good, in fact CodeBlocks is cross platform so there's another plus for codeblocks.
Of course there is first principles - scrap all the guis and play makefiles. I wish you an enjoyable 200 years startup.
All the options mentioned are perfectly fine and work about as well when it comes to standards conformance (VS is not backwoods-behind). All compilers come with non-standard extensions as well.
Installing Clang is not as simple as with some of the other options -- you must first install a working GCC, then install a matching Clang, then configure Clang to use GCC's facilities.