Have you checked the cstdlib header to see if it's in there? It's been a while since I looked in a header like that, I'm not sure how easy it is to find what you're looking for.
I think, by default, rand uses a linear congruential generator algorithm to generate it's PNR from the seeded value.
You'll need the compiler's source code for that, since each compiler may implement "rand( )" differently. If you're using MSVC++, you're not going to be able to obtain the source code. GCC, however, is open-source.