You could easily iterate through the string and 'convert' the single characters to integers.
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std::string input = "1234";
std::vector<int> vec;
for (size_t i = 0; i < input.size(); ++i)
{ // This converts the char into an int and pushes it into vec
vec.push_back(input[i] - '0'); // The digits will be in the same order as before
}