These failures can be caused by firewall/anti virus product blocking necessary installation files. It could also be that one package or other is damaged, which means you'd have to run a repair from control panel -> uninstall. Also you should try to run a repair on all VC Redist packages installed on your PC. Then you would need to re-run the setup and/or re-download the necessary packages.
It might help to also install just a bare-bones version of VS, then if this works, install all the other packages as needed and see how things go. If this does not do, re-download a frehs iso image of VS.
I also seem to remember having read that, if you happen to have upgraded windows 7 to windows 10 at some point, that this is causing the same behavior. Might be worth to install win10 vanilla if that really is the case.