Well... it depends on what type of programming you plan to pursue. If it's GUI development start learning a GUI API, if it's graphics, take a look at the various graphics apis (opengl, SDL, etc... But at the most you should learn the standard library as Bazzy pointed out. As far as language independent concepts, you should grab a good book on Data Structures and Algorithms.
Each library tends to have its own individual purpose. If they serve the same purpose then they usually go about the purpose in different methods. It's up to you (I would probably research before you use something) on what you choose to use.