Well, each library contains different files in order for use to certain variables classes etc. All you need to begin programming is this in the beginning of every program:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
#include <iostream>
usingnamespace std;
int main()
{.....
}
"Useful" is completely dependent on the end application you are coding. What kind of program you want to write will define what libraries you need. If you're just looking for generally useful libraries to play with start here: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/
I'd say "iostream", "string", "cstring"(maybe), "vector"(a little later on), and perhaps "cmath" if you want to do some more complex arithmetic without having to implement the mathematics yourself.
"fstream" is good if you want to do some file input/output.
But I see you are already aware of most(if not all) of these libraries.
With those libraries, there are many many things you can do. Those are the libraries I use every day (with a few others here and there).
Those should be a great starting point.